NATO phonetic alphabet - Wikipedia. The International radiotelephony spelling alphabet, commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, or ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, sometimes called the NATO phonetic alphabet or spelling alphabet or just phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used radiotelephonic spelling alphabet. Although often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel.[1]The 2. International phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 2.

English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X- ray, Yankee, Zulu. International adoption[edit]After the phonetic alphabet was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)[2] (see history below) it was adopted by many other international and national organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU). It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO),[citation needed] which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases.[3] The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the IMO provides for compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo..). In practice these are used very rarely, as they frequently result in confusion between speakers of different languages.

Prior alphabets[edit]Throughout World War I and World War II, many nations used their own versions of a spelling alphabet. The United States of America's most well- known military spelling alphabet (the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet) started with Able and Baker. Resurrecting The Champ Full Movie Online Free.

The Royal Air Force adopted one similar to the United States one during World War II as well. All the way through to the end of the Korean War there was not an official worldwide version of a phonetic alphabet, with the closest thing to a global standard being the Joint Army/Navy alphabet, also used by the British. British and American armed forces had each developed their spelling alphabets before both forces adopted the ICAO alphabet during 1. British forces adopted the RAF radio alphabet, which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I. At least two of the terms are sometimes still used by UK civilians to spell words over the phone, namely F for Freddie and S for Sugar. The U. S. adopted the Joint Army/Navy radiotelephony alphabet during 1.

The U. S. alphabet became known as Able Baker after the words for A and B. The United Kingdom adapted its RAF alphabet during 1. American Joint- Army- Navy (JAN) one. History[edit]The first non- military internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the CCIR (predecessor of the ITU) during 1.

The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made during 1. ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO, and was used for civil aviation until World War II.[4] It continued to be used by the IMO until 1. Amsterdam, Baltimore, Casablanca, Denmark, Edison, Florida, Gallipoli, Havana, Italia, Jerusalem, Kilogramme, Liverpool, Madagascar, New York, Oslo, Paris, Quebec, Roma, Santiago, Tripoli, Upsala, Valencia, Washington, Xanthippe, Yokohama, Zurich. After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces, "Able Baker" continued to be used for civil aviation. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1. English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.

After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was implemented on 1 November 1. Alfa, Bravo, Coca, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Metro, Nectar, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Union, Victor, Whisky, Extra, Yankee, Zulu. Problems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 3.

United Kingdom and the United States. Confusion among words like Delta, Nectar, Victor, and Extra, or the unintelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems. In the 1. 95. 0s ICAO developed an official phonetic alphabet in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations.[5] Much of the work was done by professor Jean- Paul Vinay, of the University of Montreal, who was a noted expert in linguistics.[6]After much study, only the five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet to all member states in November 1. The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1.

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ITU adopted it no later than 1. Radio Regulations.[9] Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by most radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur. It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1. During 1. 94. 7 the ITU adopted the compound number words (Nadazero, Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO during 1. In the official[1. English spellings Alfa and Juliett are used.

Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the English and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly by native speakers of some other languages – who may not know that ph should be pronounced as f.  Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a single final t as silent. In some English versions of the alphabet, one or both of these may have their standard English spelling.[1. Defined by various international conventions on radio, including: Universal Electrical Communications Union, Washington, D. C., December 1. 92.

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International Radiotelegraph Convention, Washington, 1. CCIR)[1. 3]General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1.

Instructions for the International Telephone Service, 1. ITU- T E. 1. 41; withdrawn in 1. General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo, 1. Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1. International Civil Aviation Organization and other international aeronautical organizations would assume the responsibility for procedures and regulations related to aeronautical communication.

However, ITU would continue to maintain general procedures regarding distress signals."1. Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1. International Telecommunications Union, Radio. Final Acts of WARC- 7.

Geneva, 1. 97. 9).[1. Here the alphabet was formally named "Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code".

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